Anthrax Vaccination Program essays

Bacillus anthracis Vaccination Program papers On May 18, 1998, Secretary of Defense William Cohen affirmed an arrangement to inoculate all U.S. administration individuals for Bacillus anthracis. This arrangement has caused a wild moral discussion over the authenticity of this inoculation. The Department of Defense asserts the inoculation is totally protected and has been being used for a considerable length of time. A few specialists question this case, and battle the immunization may not be successful against weapon variants of Bacillus anthracis. Many assistance individuals have denied the inoculation and have either isolated or confronted formal discipline for their choice. The Bioport Corporation of Lansing Michigan is the main organization that creates the Bacillus anthracis immunization. As indicated by a Phoenix Times article, the first Bioport plant must be wrecked because of value control issues. Another plant was fabricated, yet it additionally bombed FDA examinations in December of 1999. Consequently, the way toward regulating the immunization to all assistance individuals has been suspended. The immunization is at present managed uniquely to faculty conveying to high danger territories of the world. The Joint Staff has assigned Korea, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, and Israel as high-danger regions. The vaccination is regulated in a progression of six shots over an eighteen-month time span, with yearly promoters. The accompanying investigation will contain a short conversation about the two sides of this issue. To comprehend why the Department of Defense feels it is fundamental to play it safe, it is first important to make them comprehend of what Bacillus anthracis is. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia characterizes Bacillus anthracis as an infectious illness of warm-blooded creatures, including people, brought about by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. There are three sorts of Bacillus anthracis illnesses. The first is cutaneous Bacillus anthracis, which is brought about by contact with tainted creatures or defiled creature items. The subsequent sort is gastrointesti... <!

Reimbursement requirements for billing purposes in the USA healthcare Essay

Repayment necessities for charging purposes in the USA medicinal services framework - Essay Example There are two sorts of protection specialist co-ops; private and government. Private protection is a type of business similarly as some other and in this manner exist principally to make benefit. They along these lines create administration bunches that ensure their essential advantages of productivity. Government back up plans then again get their subsidizing from the citizens and in this manner work with the sole target of giving reasonable clinical protection to the suitable residents. Government hence gives protection administrations to its representatives known as government workers and the poor in the general public the vast majority of whom can't manage the cost of the expense of private protection. In the two cases, the safeguarded dispatch a month to month commitment to the specialist co-op for the protection inclusion. On those thought about the poor by the administration, they transmit a limited quantity of cash set by the administration, which the administration supplemen ts with cash from the treasury. Along these lines, everybody manages great clinical administrations. Clinical protection administrations contrast regarding the spread details. A component progressively predominant in private protection government guarantors offers uniform types of assistance to those it thinks about incapable to bear the cost of private administrations. Be that as it may, it permits the government employees to look over the changed assistance bunches it traces on its inclusion. The diverse spread particulars change in the month to month or yearly settlement. The private back up plans have dynamic clinical administrations guaranteeing that they spread any type of ailment; the more costly the administration is the more exhaustive its particulars become. Moreover, the nature of the administrations varies relying upon both the specialist organizations and the sort of administration bundle. Private back up plans similarly as clarified are business substances; they in thi s way endure dependent on the idea of their cooperation with their client base. Such specialist co-ops along these lines offer quality administrations as a promoting methodology. With a clinical protection spread, one is guaranteed of top notch clinical administrations in the event of a condition. Nonetheless, the protection specialist organizations control the measure of cash that one gets for the inclusion relying upon the administration bundle. Both thee government and the private safety net providers have an unmistakable boundary for each help type in this manner offer money related inclusion up to the level that the administration type permits (Green and Rowell, 2013). The administration sets the insignificant protection benefits that everybody in the nation ought to have in an offered to guarantee that everybody in the nation carries on with an excellent life. Among the most fundamental inclusion, incorporate mishaps and intermittent ailments, for example, tuberculosis among o thers. By shielding the residents from such illnesses as malignant growth, among other repetitive sicknesses, the administration guarantees that everybody carries on a higher caliber and longer lives. The clinical protection administrations spread both inpatient and outpatient clinical administrations relying upon the idea of the protection spread. The specialist organization clarifies the kinds of administrations remembered for the administration particular in this manner taking into consideration money related settlement likewise. The protection specialist organizations manage the clinical foundations regularly taking out the client in their relations. For this situation, subsequent to getting to clinical administrations, the clinical specialist organization counsels the back up plan with the patient subtleties. The safety net provider gets the case and

Best Resume Keywords to Use in Your Job Search

Best Resume Keywords to Use in Your Job Search Today, jobseekers are not completely helpless when it comes to their hunt for the job of their dreams or, at least, the most suitable job for their skills and abilities. While it is true that job-hunting still proves to be quite a challenge for most, there are now a lot of ways and means available to jobseekers and recruiters alike to make the process somewhat easier.In the past, before the internet changed how the game is played, the only places where jobseekers can find job postings were  newspapers, magazines and similar publications, as well as various broadcast media. Now, with just a few clicks, a jobseeker can find possible job openings that may interest them. Recruiters are also able to reach more candidate possibilities.Also, in the past, the main tool used by applicants is their resume or CV. Today, they can also make use of their social media presence and online personalities to strengthen their case and increase their appeal to the recruiters. Not only that, the way resum es are crafted these days has become more flexible, so that the applicant can tailor it to fit the position he is applying for.Clearly, jobseekers have no idea how much power they have in their ability to find a job. Many of them are unaware that they have the tools right in front of them and, even if they do, they don’t know how to use them.Take keywords, for instance. We often hear how “keywords” play a very important role in fields such as linguistics, cryptography and computer programming. We also hear it mentioned often when it comes to Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and increasing traffic for websites. But did you know that keywords can also be very useful tools in your job search? © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this guide, we explore 1) the role of keywords in job search, 2) categories of keywords you need to know, and 3) the best keywords to use in your resume.THE ROLE OF KEYWORDS IN JOB SEARCHResume keywording came into prominence when customization became the norm in the preparation of resumes. The use of keywords started out partly to aid recruiters and hiring managers, especially those who have to wade through piles and piles of resumes on a regular basis to screen applicants that are qualified to get that phone call for a job interview. With the introduction of the ATS and its increasing use, resume keywording has now become a must.Meet the ATSATS, or Applicant Tracking Systems, are software applications designed to handle and manage the recruitment process electronically, and subsequently storing the information gathered. With the ability to sort through and scan hundreds and even thousands of resumes, it can help streamline the entire recruitment and hiring process, cutting down the time, effort and resources put into it by companies looking to hire workers and employees. It aids in the identification of applicants or candidates that are considered to be the best fit for the job or position being filled.From the point of view of the hiring managers or recruiters, not only does the usage of ATS help them identify the potential best candidates for the open position, it also facilitates the weeding out of unqualified applicants, saving them a lot of grief. Cumming Corporation’s talent acquisition director Scott Weaver stated that only 15% to 20% of applicants are actually qualified for the position they are applying for. We are looking at around 8 out of 10 applicants that are not qualified. Without the ATS, if the recruiter still did his screening the old-fashioned (manual) way, that means they spent more time going over the resume of unqualified applicants more than the qualified ones. Needless to say, that time is time th at is wasted.The key to making ATS work to your advantage as a jobseeker is to customize your resume, and you can do this by keywording it. Importance of keywordingAs a jobseeker, your goal is to have a resume that stands out, especially if you are among hundreds or thousands of applicants for one position. When preparing a standout resume, you may have gone through all the tips and tricks given by professionals. Customize it. Make sure it is tailored for the job you are applying for. Include only the relevant details in the various sections. Watch your formatting.In the process of writing your resume, you will find yourself going back repeatedly to the job description that the hiring company included in the job advertisement or posting. You may have also been taught to try to make use of the same words in the job description when crafting your resume, and so that is exactly what you did.What you just did, right there, is keywording.You see, this is how ATS generally works with resp ect to keywording: when the company came up with the job description, they have also determined the keywords and key phrases that are unique to the job being advertised, and that is what they will program into the ATS.When the recruiters use the ATS to sift and sort through the submitted resumes, they are basically using it to search for the keywords and key phrases they have already identified earlier. The system will then use these as parameters to find the appropriate matches among the submissions.CATEGORIES OF KEYWORDSNow what are the keywords that are used in job searches? Essentially, the keywords are the skills, qualifications, experience and other relevant traits that the employer is looking for in the new employee that they will give the job to.Keep in mind that ATS software first scans for specific keywords and key phrases in the resume, and sorts the rest of the content of the resume into individual categories:Your personal informationYour professional name, or the name t hat you use to represent yourself in professional circles: Therefore, it is recommended that you keep it consistent and unique, especially when you are actively using platforms such as LinkedIn, email, and website or weblog. This is definitely a good idea if you have extensive work experience and history and have already established a reputation in your chosen field.Your current location: Some employers may prefer hiring people who live in a specific location. When putting in a location in your resume, use the exact name of the city and the state where it is located, as well as regional names, if applicable.The location you want to work in: You may also put in your target location, if you are willing to relocate for the job. Again, make sure to put the exact location, and that includes the city, state, and region.College degrees and other post-graduate educational attainment: Specify the college degree that you earned when you graduated, including the school or university where you graduated from. This is because employers may have a preference for alumni from a certain educational institution to join their workforce.Your current industry: This specifies the field where you are working at presently, or have worked at in the past (if you are currently unemployed). Make sure to use the words that describe that industry and are universally accepted. For example, instead of simply saying “engineering”, use “mechanical engineering”. Instead of writing “medical industry”, specify whether it is “healthcare”, “pharmaceutical”, or “medical devices”.Your target industry: This is in the case of those who are thinking of making a major shift from one industry to another. Just as in the previous item, see to it that you use specific words to describe the industry.Your work experience and historyYour job titles: Write your current job title, as well as other job titles that you have held in the past. In the event that the job title happens to be non- standard, because your former employers preferred to use their own job titles, determine the standard job titles that apply, since they are what most employers are looking for and use through the ATS.Employers’ names: Often, this is the name of the company you have worked for in the past, or is currently employed in. It will be to your advantage to include these names, especially if they happen to be industry leaders or well-known in business.Volunteer works: If you are currently volunteering anywhere, or have volunteered before, and this is relevant to the job you are eyeing, then you should include it in the resume. Use keywords that describe exactly what you do in your volunteer work, and the name of the recipients or the affiliates that you work with may also be used as keywords.Your skills or professional qualificationsYour skills and abilities: When choosing the keywords for skills, pick those that are the most in-demand in the job that you are applying for. For example, if you are applying for a “Computer Programmer” position, adding the specific programming languages that you are proficient at will definitely increase the chances of your resume passing the ATS and the eyes of the recruiters.Relevant licenses and certifications: Write down the licenses and certifications that directly impact the job that you are applying for, and even indirectly. It is highly possible that employers are looking for candidates with those specific licenses, accreditations and certifications. Remember that certifications are indicative of your professional or industry knowledge, so do not leave them out of your resume.Names of tools, techniques, and programs that are specific to the job: Employers may be looking for keywords that are job- or industry-specific, so include those tools, techniques, hardware and software that you are knowledgeable about and proficient at.Technical names and acronyms that are highly relevant in your industry or profession: When writing ac ronyms, you should also spell it out. For example, you may have studied Early Childhood Education (ECE). Or, aside from being a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), you are also a Certified Financial Analyst (CFA). Again, use acronyms and technical names only when they apply to the job you are applying for.Your major accomplishmentsMajor projects: Whether you led them, or you were part of a team and contributed to the achievement of the objectives of the project, include it in your resume. Write the title or name of the project itself, and use appropriate keywords and phrases when describing them. Obviously, the projects you will talk about should be relevant to the job.Publications: Were you able to write relevant literature that was published? Have you written any books or articles? Did you work on any relevant research? Then mention them. Write the titles of your published work as keywords or phrases.BEST KEYWORDS THAT YOU SHOULD CONSIDER USING IN YOUR RESUMEThe best keywords are t hose that will help your resume achieve a high keyword ranking in the ATS. A higher keyword ranking means a higher likelihood that you will be called to appear for an interview, ensuring that you are able to move forward in the recruitment and hiring process. But what are the keywords that you should use?First things first, and let us be clear about this: there is no set or fixed list of keywords. Resume expert Susan Ireland reiterated that there is no set list of right keywords that will work for all jobs. The variability of the jobs and the industries means that the keywords will also vary. Also, you should take into account that the keywords that the ATS will be looking for and ranking are those that have been selected by the recruiters and HR people that use the system.Usually, the most widely used and common resume keywords and key phrases include the following:Communication skillsDecision makerBachelor’s DegreeMBA (Master in Business Administration)Sales managerMicrosoft Wor dAdobe PhotoshopDreamweaverPlanningBudgetingLeadership skillsBusiness developmentMarketing skillsAnalysisCustomer relations…and moreYour choice of keywords will largely depend on the industry, profession or field where the job belongs to and the nature of the job itself. It is mostly in the skills and experience sections that you may be more flexible with your choice of keywords and key phrases.Take a look at the following examples of resume keywords and key phrases for managers and executives in a retail company:Budgeting/ForecastingContract negotiationCorporate strategizingFinancial managementFiscal accountabilityGoal settingResources managementRisk managementFrom the discussion earlier, you probably have an idea about the types of keywords that you should include in your resume. But there are actually a lot of other keywords that are not commonly used, and not many people realize how effective they are when used, in the proper context, in the resume. This time, we will look int o several of those infrequently used, but just as effective, actionable keywords that you should consider using.“Full-time” or “Part-time”: This is to indicate whether you will be available to work full-time or part-time. This helps recruiters narrow down the list of job applicants, since they may have a preference for full-time employees, which means that those who are looking for part-time employment will be excluded in the screening. Or, on the other end of the spectrum, employers looking for part-time workers can easily eliminate early on those who are looking for full-time work.“Multilingual” or “Bilingual”: Most companies today are eyeing the bigger picture, meaning they want to bring their business on the global stage. This is why the demand for employees that can speak more than one or two languages is becoming higher. Instead of writing “speaks three languages”, you may use “multi-lingual” instead, and specify what languages you are proficient at.“ Basic”, “Intermediate” or “Advanced”: Employers are looking for specific skills and qualifications, but they may be forgiving in other areas. The posting may indicate that they want someone knowledgeable in computer applications, but they are really looking for people with advanced skills. By putting the appropriate modifier, you will have greater chances of your resume being ranked high. Consider pairing these modifiers with your knowledge and skill sets. When describing your computer skills, you can phrase it into “basic computer skills” or “advanced computer skills”, whichever is applicable. You may use synonyms or other similar words. When talking about languages, for instance, you can say your level of proficiency is either “elementary Japanese” or “fluent Japanese”.“Multi-tasking”: Employers prefer individuals who can work under pressure, and can do more than two things at one time, without affecting quality of work and productivity. Thus, they ma y look for this keyword, which is indicative of the ability of a candidate to accomplish multiple tasks in a short time. This works mostly for administrative and clerical positions, but not so much for technical roles in production processes.“Policies”, “Procedures”: Usually, these keywords are used in the context of the applicant being knowledgeable about relevant policies and procedures. An accountant, for example, is knowledgeable about business procedures and audit policies. A personal assistant, on the other hand, is knowledgeable about office policies and operating procedures.“Support”: Candidates may have, at one point or another, provided support services that also honed their skills and increased their knowledge. This keyword is most effective when paired with a noun pertaining to the field where support services are provided. For example, IT employees may have provided “technical support” and “user support” in their previous employment.“Training”: I n practically any industry, employers would like to welcome new employees that already have more than adequate training. Thus, you have to list down the relevant trainings that you have undergone. To make it more effective, include another word to describe exactly what type of training it is. Examples are “product training” (if you are in Sales), and “work flow training” (in manufacturing).“Customer”: This is a keyword that you should not miss, especially when you are applying in the retail, commerce, or service industry. Often, this keyword is used alongside other appropriate words such as “customer support”, “customer retention”, “customer loyalty”, and “customer satisfaction”.“Strategic” or “strategy”: This word denotes something that is long-term and, often, all-encompassing. Employers seek people who have this long-term vision, and have the ability to perform to serve or achieve a particular purpose or goal. Examples are “strategic planning ” and “marketing strategies”.ADDITIONAL TIPS IN CHOOSING AND USING KEYWORDS IN YOUR RESUMEDo not forget these tips when preparing your resume and choosing your keywords.Always refer to the job description in the job posting or advertisement. Make sure that you use the same words used in the job posting in your resume when describing or explaining how you are able to meet each requirement.Use the company website for guidance in keywording, or you may go straight to the source, such as the HR manager, the employer, or any key employee that you may ask regarding the skills, education or experience that they are looking for in the applicants to the job they advertised.Use the keywords and key phrases in context. You may be tempted to present the keywords of your skills and qualifications in a straightforward list, and that’s it. You should also incorporate them or weave them into the text. Another tip: when you put the keywords in a sentence, include an action word or verb along with it to give it more impact. Take a look at the example  point below:Wrote instructional materials and product descriptions in English, French and Chinese, for an online retail company. The keywords are “instructional materials” and “product descriptions”, paired with the verb “wrote”. “English”, “French” and “Chinese” are also possible keywords that the employers may be looking for.Test how good you are at keywording. Sites like Jobscan provides tools that will help you get past resume robots by optimizing the keywords in your resume against the job description. You can either paste your resume in the provided field or upload it in their site, and paste the job description from the posting or job ad in another field, and Jobscan will scan it for you.Do not fill or stuff your resume with keywords. When writing the Skills section, you may repeat the important keywords two or three times, or even four or five, depending on the need. There are some ATS that are programmed to detect resumes that are overstuffed with keywords and key phrases, and may rank them low because of the high keyword density. In addition, when repeating important keywords, try to scatter them throughout the resume instead of packing them all into one section.Look into industry lingo and other words and phrases that are exclusively used in the industry or field where the job is classified under. You may also use acronyms, especially those that are unique to that line of work, profession, or industry.

Essay on the Double Meanings of The Odyssey - 995 Words

The Double Meanings of The Odyssey Throughout Homers The Odyssey, there are a number of tangible symbols that are used to represent abstract ideas. I would like to suggest that each symbol that Homer uses within The Odyssey has two clear meanings. The double meanings of these symbols are used to represent Odysseus and Telemachus as they strive to meet each other. While each symbol has a meaning that represents the growth of Telemachus, each one also represents, by another meaning, the growth and development of Odysseus. When they meet for the first time, the symbols, and the character traits that they represent confluence, and the resemblance between Odysseus and Telemachus becomes complete. One of the main ideas running†¦show more content†¦Telemachus is unmistakably represented by this type of meaning of the cave. He is sheltered all his life, until he comes closer and closer to meeting Odysseus. Fatherless, his mother has safe-guarded and protected him. However, when he meets his father, the safe-guard is taken off completely and he helps Odysseus take care of the suitors. Focusing back on Odysseus, when he reaches home, his adventures are sure to be over. He will no longer have to withstand the harsh reality that the cave of Polyphemus symbolizes. He becomes more sheltered as Telemachus becomes more exposed by their reunion. These symbols are used throughout The Odyssey to represent different facets of the characters of Odysseus and Telemachus. Each interpretation of the symbols exemplifies either Odysseus or Telemachus. As the two characters grow and develop, and the father-son reunion occurs, the two meanings converge into one, and Odysseus and Telemachus become more similar. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold , Homers Odyssey: Edited and with an Introduction, NY, Chelsea House 1988 Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A commentary on Homers Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988 Jones, Peter V. Homers Odyssey : a companion to the translation ofShow MoreRelatedIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Iliad Essay Prompt 1. Complete one take home essay. Provide textual evidence, specific lines and incidents from The Iliad that proves your thesis. You may also draw from The Odyssey. Use in text parenthetical documentation according to MLA standards. The style guide that many colleges use is DianaHacker.com. We will use this style guide for both MLA format and grammar and mechanics. If you have any questions about MLA format, refer to DianaHacker.com. This paper needs to read asRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer : Character Development Of Odysseus1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Journey to Humility The Odyssey written by Homer highlights the character development of Odysseus, the epic hero, in his journey of self-discovery. Odysseus is accredited with many strong traits including his nobility, smarts, and bravery. Having one tragic flaw, being his arrogance, was put to the test throughout his heroic journey. Homer stripped the protagonist of his arrogance as the story goes on, by giving him many challenges, giving dire consequences for his mistakes, and allowing himRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Comedia 947 Words   |  4 Pagesthe story is full of symbolism, double entendres, political messages, allusions, religious undertones†¦ the list goes on. However, there are several comedic elements in the story that distinguish it from other epic poems such as The Odyssey and Beowulf. Dante, unlike most other poets of the time, intended for his poem to have a parodic style, oftentimes poking fun at Christianity and its beliefs. Some of these comedic elements will be addressed and analyzed in this essay, supporting the statement thatRead MoreDifferent Representations Of Oikos In The Odyssey1972 Words   |  8 Pagesphysical home, the land, and the family who support the master of the house. This essay will discuss the different representations of oikos (the household) in Homer’s Odyssey as well as discuss the differing representation of oikos in Aeschylus’ play Agamemnon. Marilyn Katz’s essay Penelope’s Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey will be looked at to highlight key points about the household. The oikos in the Odyssey will be considered with its relationships between the polis (city-state) andRead MoreHeinrich Schlieman Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pages Was Heinrich Schliemann a good archeologist? In this essay my aim is to separate the truth from the predjudice and find out whether Heinrich Schliemann was a greedy charlottarian, a talented archeologist or just someone who stumbled upon a great discovery. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Heinrich Schliemann was born on January 6, 1822 in the small village of Neu Buckow, Germany. His interest in Homeric Troy started when his father, a protestant minister, gave him a book or Christmas in 1829 by LudwigRead MoreThe Funeral Games of Patroklos in Homers Iliad and Odyssey Essay2165 Words   |  9 PagesThe Funeral Games of Patroklos in Homers Iliad and Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coming towards the end of a war which has consumed an entire decade and laid waste the lives of many, the Greek warriors in Troy choose to take the time and energy to hold funeral games.   This sequence of events leaves the reader feeling confused because its not something one would expect and seems highly out of place.   Throughout the epic Homer tries to describe what it is to be mortal and often contrasts it with whatRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 PagesCLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON | PROSE | POETRY | Form | Paragraph | Verse | Language | Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language | Metrical,Read MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagesbook by a corporate author (commission, association, committee): 6. A book by an anonymous author: 7. A book with an editor only: 8. A book with an author and an editor: 9. A work in an anthology or a collection of essays: 10. An introduction, preface, foreword, afterword, or textbook glossary: 11. A book in a series (multiple authors): * Note: 47 is series number 12. A multi-volume work, same author, one title: 13. A multi-volumeRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay examples4094 Words   |  17 Pagesentertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of an age that kept no records. . . . the myths served as typical patterns of the conduct of man and the manifestation of the gods (85).    This essay seeks to explore the life of the flawed mythological person, Oedipus, as protagonist of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex.    E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    ProfessorRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesreinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical event. Lord of the Flies provides a compelling allegory of human nature, illustrating the three sides of the psyche through its sharply-defined main characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside

Article Review Dealing With Bullies - 1639 Words

The article â€Å"Dealing with Bullies in Marriage -- And Divorce,† by Beth Kramer, is an examination of the often looked over topic of relationships with bullies. Beginning her article, Kramer illustrates ways one might identify bullying behaviour and the surface psychological characteristics that a bully might possess: however, Kramer’s main objective is detailing several options a spouse might take if one were to find him/herself in such a circumstance. By highlighting the words of Stacy Kaiser and Joseph Burgo, Kramer is able to piece together several ways to fight against the bully including: establishing boundaries, protecting one s children, and divorce. Though Kramer does well in summarizing her chosen topics she fails to include a myriad of other circumstances and types of bullying one might find in a marriage, as well as depth to her topics. She fails to argue the differences in severity, the ways one might change a bully s behaviour, and the difficulties of d ivorce. Kramer also displays a subtle bias against men in the marriage, as such, she fails to include the ways to identify a circumstance where men are being victimised as well as the problems that men face in custody battles for children. Dealing with bullies in a marriage as well as divorcing a bully is obstacle dealing with. Kramers essay failed to challenge the depths of identifying a bully s behaviour, divorcing a bully, protecting one’s children from a bully and the bias against male victims in society.Show MoreRelatedBullying in Schools Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSchools: Every second and minute of the day a kid is bullied. Bullying is something that is not only happening here in the U.S. but all over the world. We need to put a stop to! As parents, school educators, and a community we need to stand up to bullies and give kids who are being bullied an outlet to reach out for help. According to No Bully.com bullying is defined as a form of repeated aggression that is directed by one or more people towards another person. One of the biggest problems facingRead MoreBullying in School1085 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract- Bully was once regarded on ordinary parts of growing up all the school change a lot though the years over time. The school is supposed to be a safe place and secure environment. There is an increase concern about recognizing, interviewing, to preventing bully within the school. What are we suppose to do about Bullying? To recognizing bullying is to identify type of bullying. First improve the lives strategies and intervolves both parties the victim and the bully. There are manyRead MoreAn Argument Of A Woman Surviving Abuse Over The Course Of 15 Years1586 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships. Domestic violence can be as simple as emotional abuse with words to something as severe as murder to murder suicide. For women who experience abuse in childhood or adulthood, the assumptions are that surviving includes seeking help. This article presents an exploratory study on the prevalence of victimization in the lives of Caucasian, African American, and Latina women, if and to whom they disclosed their victimization, and where they turned for services and support. The results indicateRead MoreCurrent Literature Regarding the History of Bullying Research1254 Words   |  6 Pagestheir careers .These numbers translate to millions of workers: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 136 million Americans were employed in July 2008. An estimated 55 million Americans have been bullied at work using the 33% rate. This paper reviews the current literatur e regarding the history of bullying research, the factors associated, its consequences or effects, and various avenues for prevention and intervention. Workplace bullying is repeated, health-harming mistreatment that takes oneRead MorePeer Victimization And Academic Performance1550 Words   |  7 Pagesschool. In this research, I will discuss why students hesitate to tell a teacher if someone is bullying them or other peers. The research will support the teacher to teacher-student relationship. In addition, the research will demonstrate the role of a bully and how to prevent future social behaviors. Is bullying the norm in society? How will communities deal with the adverse reactions to treating people, who lack social behavior skills? I find this research helpful to find ways to treatment peers withRead MoreEssay about Successful Management of the Passive Aggressive Employee 1552 Words   |  7 PagesSource Review A critical factor in the management of people today is the ability to handle every challenging employee situation with the appropriate communication and actions. One of the most difficult types of employees to manage is the Passive-Aggressive who refuses to accept constructive feedback and tries to stir up discontent among other employees. In order to be successful in the management of the Passive Aggressive Employee, there has to be a planned approach, which includes effectiveRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Behavior Modification1688 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavioral changes more effective and understandable. Exploring direct interactions from articles this paper will also discuss the benefits and barriers that one faces in dealing with behavior modification. Behavior Modification is an evidence based practice that can work to redefine, restore, or remove a wanted or unwanted behavior. The understanding of behavior modification expresses how various articles discuss the implementation of tools to deal with behaviors in certain settings, causingRead MoreThe Status Of Cyberbullying And Cyberbullying Prevention865 Words   |  4 Pages Review of the Status of Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Prevention (2014), a scholarly article written by June Chisolm PhD, with the Department of Psychology at Pace University in New York, explores the effects of cyberbullying and the impact that it has on adolescents. The author first defined cyberbullying as â€Å"the intentional and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices† (pg.78). In recent studies, it was found that one in five youths willRead MoreFive Behavioral Disorders1323 Words   |  6 Pagestime and unnecessary energy, and as a consequence, teachers tend to tell students to not tell on each other. Actually, some schools go as far as banning â€Å"tattle-telling†, and teachers are uncertain about how to enforce the â€Å"no-telling† rules. An article entitled, â€Å" What to do About Tattling?† laid out four common reasons for why children tattle: Legitimate Concerns, Need for Information, Wish for Attention and Recognition, and Limited Problem Solving Skills. 1. Legitimate Concerns:  StudentsRead MoreHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Reveiw1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Dark Lord. Furthermore, I agree â€Å"Professor Albus Dumbledore †¦ wears his righteousness lightly, his baritone teasing out equal parts humor†¦,† and as secretive as the nuclear bomb. In the beginning of the movie, Professor Dumbledore has a plan dealing with Harry and doesn’t even announce until later into the movie. Few chapters before the underground cave scene, Dumbledore fills Harry in on what he discovered and wants Harry to more information on. Even Emma Watson’s character, Hermione Granger

Smallest Contribution Towards the Society Free Essays

How can we contribute towards our society in the smallest possible way? We are apes,copycatsof west in Culture,Fashion,Independence,Freedom. We as individuals need to understand our responsibility. Our youths have loved their dresses,became party animals,night owls have engaged live-in relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Smallest Contribution Towards the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teenagers can be seen flaunting in front of their comrades. But friends i would like to raise a question ain’t we trampling our freedom? Are we really behaving as human beings and not opportunist animals who encroach the shelters of others? In abroad no one makes parks,streets,pathways dirty by spitting,spilling left over drinksor beverages,chips wrappers,beverage cans etc. every Indian may be living in a small town,district,city,metro enjoys same menatility â€Å"keep your house clean† . If a person is living in a flat , they are not worried about the cleanliness of the space around stairs ,lift, outside their flat. If a person residing in a independent house they are not bothered about the street just following to their house ,opens stinking potholes. I want to cater attention of the so called civilised individuals busy discussing about politics ,technologies , duties , knowledge, when they themselves make the nation gardens ,streets deterrant by throwing away non-renewal plastic bags , banana peels disposable plats on the road. People blame goverment for not placing dustbins but what about places where scrap container are available but still we don’t realize our duty and dispose garbage not in place. we go for picnics , parties ,long drives to enjoy nature ,food and return home after having a blast leaving that place in a mess. It leaves me flabbergasted that the destination point or the road leading to it can remain so beautiful if we are not selfish and think of others and make it a point that we are not going to dispose any waste in open surroundings. We are 1. 2 billion why engage more people in maintaining or cleaning but to emphasize that large chunk of our population should be engaged in creation . We can have not only our homes clean but offices,markets,parks,colleges,,schools,temples,mosques,churches,railway stations,cinema halls/multiplexes,toilets etc. Only one thought of treating every public place as your own home and trying to keep that place clean for the next user can be real help for our society. A large amount of money to maintain public places can be saved if we show our concern and just dispose garbage at proper place allocated for it. Large amount of funds which are wasted in cleaning the clutter can be channelised and used for the upliftment of the under privileged,downtrodden. May lord convey this polite request of care and concern about others to all the citizens How to cite Smallest Contribution Towards the Society, Essay examples

Personal Satire Article free essay sample

Step In high school, many people praise athleticism and make idols of the star athletes. I am surprised by how little of that praise is directed toward marching bands, though. It’s actually much more difficult and tasking than people think! As a general statement, each member of the band has to remember every single movement, every single piece of music to be played, and how these two items are to be played or marched. Not only is it tasking mentally, but physically as well. For example, every marching player carries their own, usually heavy, metal instrument by only the strength of their shoulders for 15 to 20 minutes at a time. On top of holding the instruments up, marchers need to actually move their legs in time and march with very precise, grueling technique that requires balance, coordination, and simple muscle power. One band that should always come to mind when thinking of marching is Moon Area High School Marching band. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Satire Article or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through hours of hard work and excellent leadership, the group has mastered all techniques of marching, balance, form, and musical ability. Every Tuesday and Friday evening from five to seven in the evenings, the Moon Area High School Marching Band is led through practice by Mr. James Davis, the school’s respected Band Director. The band has won a couple awards, including 12th Place at West Allegheny’s Cavalcade of bands! In fact, Moon has only rightfully won two awards in the last 30 years of performing. Recently, I was given the prestigious opportunity to sit in on one of Moon’s practices and observe the structure of the band from the inside. What I saw while sitting in the upper stands of the rehearsal stadium wasn’t shocking in the slightest; hard work, disciplined instructors, and even more adamant musical members of the band. â€Å"Alright guys,† Mr. Davis said with a smirk on his face, â€Å"Now we’re gonna work on bent knees during the half-time marching. † The apathetic groan that came from their heads pleased him enough. The teens continued as a block of exhausted bodies, still determined to improve with every repetition. Davis seemed to always have an excuse for them to go back and try the exercise again and again and again. Noah’s horn angle was too high! Negative 10 degrees is the rule, kids! Oh, and make sure you’re still not in line with the person to your right, people. Come on, we’ve been doing this for days now! † Regardless of how well they did, he always found something to improve upon. I personally can’t blame Davis; he is only doing his job, and his job is to make the band the best that it can be. The band’s exquisite display of unparallel lines, and jagged curves in its drill made it very difficult to see the forms that they were creating and weaving on the field. I believe that this is an artful approach; it is deliberate. The performers march with bent knees and toes scuffling across the ground, causing the uneven horn angles to bounce around like a fumbled football. The band’s tempo was magnificent, as it couldn’t be controlled! The woodwinds of the band slowed musically to a crawl, while the drum line and brass raced to the finish! It was one of the greatest displays of marching I’ve ever seen, yet Mr. Davis assured me that it was only a practice, and that the band wasn’t performing as well as usual on this specific night. I was flabbergasted. After the end of the last song (when both halves of the band had finished, I must add. ) I applauded like a little girl waiting in line for a ride at Disneyworld. I hooped and hollered, while the band gracefully walked off the field at a different tempo than that of the drum cadence. Afterward, I pelted James Davis with questions. How do you encourage your band members? Do they practice on their own outside of rehearsal? What are your beliefs on the traditional roll step technique of marching? Mr. Davis calmly replied, â€Å"Wait, what is a roll step? †

The Pentathlon of Ancient Greece free essay sample

This paper discusses the Olympic Games held in ancient Greece, various events, point systems, awards and participants. This paper examines how the ancient Greeks determined who would win the pentathlon, a competition of professional athletes who participated in numerous sporting events in Olympia. The author discusses the Olympiad Games, who was allowed to participate, particular events-javelin, discus, wrestling, etc., festivities, and awards presented to victors. An event that was intended to show all-round development was the pentathlon. Five events were included in this activity. They were running, long jumping, discus throw, javelin throw, and wrestling. The exact order of events and the precise method of determining a winner are not known. Wrestling is believed to have been the last event and may have decided the winner of the pentathlon if a participant did not have a clear advantage in the first four events. Historians have somewhat been able, with some degree of certainty, to determine how the winner of the pentathlon was actually decided. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pentathlon of Ancient Greece or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If a point system had been employed, as in our modern games, there would be no difficulty in crowning a champion; however, no evidence has been produced to support a point system in the Greek pentathlon. With the absence of such a scoring system, we are able only to present some theories and assumptions about the Greek pentathlon.

English Essays - Acapulco, Walking, Elegant Array, Beating Drums

English Essays - Acapulco, Walking, Elegant Array, Beating Drums English While on vacation in Acapulco Mexico, I, along with my family and friends took a tour by boat to a small resort island. As we approached, I was awestruck by it's beauty. I knew this was going to be fun, but had no idea that this place would be forever etched in my mind. We were greeted at the dock by two natives dressed in brightly colored tropical shirts, white pants and shoes. They were also wearing smiles just as bright. They escorted us to an open-air type restaurant with a thatched roof that was actually attached to the pier at which we docked The restaurant had a casual atmosphere that made us very comfortable. The food was served buffet style, with an elegant array of Mexican and American cuisine. The entertainment provided in the restaurant during and after the buffet was de- lightful. A ten minute introduction to the Mexican culture was followed by an intriguing native dance, performed by a man dressed in an authentic looking costume consisting of only a rawhide g-string with a short apron front. His sandals had leather cords winding halfway up his legs. This dance depicted a story of a hunter and his prey. It was narrated by a woman who was also in costume. Brightly dressed Mexican men were beating drums and banging sticks providing the sound effects for the story. This was truly a great beginning to a wonderful afternoon. Behind the restaurant was a low mountainous area, accessible by walking trails only. We hiked one of these trails, observing the brightly colored tropical plants and trees that flourished on this well maintained terrain. A beautiful waterfall added to the splendor, and when we reached the top, a lookout provided a panoramic view of the entire bay. What a breathtaking sight! There was a bar here, and after a cool drink we decided to head down. We took a different trail down that brought us to the base of the mountain. In front of us, about 150 feet was the beach. It was 90 degrees and the Mexican sun made the sand hot under our feet. However, a gentle breeze kept us comfortable otherwise. On the beach we rented a cabana, which is little more than a thatched umbrella, table and beach chairs. There, we sat and enjoyed one of those big tropical drinks that has fruit on the edge of the glass and a small umbrella of its own. Staring out into the bay from my chair, was possibly the most serene feeling I have had in all my life. There were many people around and they were making plenty of noise, but my mind was absorbed with the natural beauty of this place. It was like none that I had ever seen before. Looking across the bay towards the mainland, with all its hustle and bustle, I felt as if I had found paradise. I had been to the ocean twice before, but only in the U.S., and never to a bay. Bay waters are much calmer, and therefore much clearer-so clear, in fact, that at a depth of six feet I was able to see a penny. The color of the water is also amazingly different from ocean water. The intensity of the blue color is almost fluorescent. After we rested, we decided it was time to get wet, so we donned our snorkeling gear and entered the warm water. I had never snorkeled before, but it wasn't long before I felt comfortable. Most of our experience was in very shallow water and I don't think it was ever necessary to go down more than ten feet. The fish didn't seem to be bothered by our presence, and although I don't know what kind they were, I touched two of them, and there reaction was only to flip there tail. About forty feet out from the beach it was still only about seven or eight feet deep, and that's where the coral appeared. This is something that no television or video could do justice to. The vivid colors of the coral alone were enough to make this whole trip worth while. There were many different types of fish, most of them with vibrant colors,

Investment in emerging market or the effects of foreign direct Dissertation

Investment in emerging market or the effects of foreign direct investment(FDI) in emerging market - Dissertation Example Hence, the impact of FDI can be ascertained through reports and academic articles. FDI alone does not mean success and it depends on various other factors. With a view to evaluate the impact that the MNCs make by entering developing economies, this study was conducted. This study is based purely on secondary data through reliable sources. After reviewing literature on the theories and perspectives on FDI and on emerging economies, two MNCs that have invested in two different economies – China and India - were studied. Yamaha of Japan invested in India as a market expansion strategy and achieved initial success. Their investment and control was limited and as competition increased, they could not sustain. They still have two plants in India but they are yet to achieve success. Cultural distance seems to be the dominant factor in the outcome. In the case of China, General Motors of the US adopted a unique strategy by entering through investments in research and development at th e behest of the local government. Gradually they could enter into manufacturing and today they sell more trucks in China than they do in the US. GM adopted a vertical approach to FDI in China because of the huge difference in the factor endowments. Thus, the success or failure of the MNCs in developing economies requires taking into account the risk factors and knowing how to mitigate these risks. Prior experience is not enough. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 2 1.3 Organization of the study 3 2. Literature Review 4 2.1 Definition and concept of FDI 4 2.2 Drivers of FDI 5 2.3 Emerging economies 7 2.4 FDI in emerging economies 9 3. Research Methodology 10 3.1 Research Philosophy 10 3.2 Research phenomenon 10 3.3 Research design 10 3.4 Research strategy 11 3.5 Justification for literature review 12 4. Findings and Discussion 14 4.1 India 14 4.2 China 17 5. Conclusion & recommendations 22 5.1 Conclusion 22 5.2 Recommendations 23 References 25 Ap pendices 27 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The developing economies comprising of low-income economies (with an annual gross national income per capita of $905 or less) and lower-middle income economies (income per capita between $906 and $3,595) jointly produce 41% of the world’s output, according to the World Bank Development Indicators 2008 report (Lenartowicz & Balasubramanian, 2009). Moreover, 5 of the 12 largest economies are now in the developing world. China and India’s economies are not expected to grow 22 times their current size by 2050 whereas the US is expected to grow only 2.5 times approximately. The developing countries constitute more than 80% of the world’s population. The geographical focus of growth has shifted towards the developing economies, which is the reason that the multinationals have been trying to develop economies in Asia, Africa and South America as profit sources. While the MNCs from the developed nations were seeking suitable ci rcumstances for foreign market access, the developing nations also strived to draw the attention of the foreign investors by offering incentives (Michi, Cagatay & Koska, 2004). This led to a serious competition to access the developing nations’ markets and the evaluation was based on costs, internal market and ownership/location advantages. The developing nati

Randomised clinical trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Randomised clinical trials - Essay Example The critical resource of D G Altman's "Practical Statistics for Medical Research" was also available at Google Books. Various search terminologies were used which include "Evolution/History/Review of Clinical Trials", "Ethical issues of clinical trials", "Nazi medical war crimes", "Nuremberg/Helsinki/Belmont" codes. Formulae for the sample size calculations were also accessed from journal publications and some power point presentation slides which have been cited and calculations were performed manually. Owing to the practical significance of implications of therapeutic interventions for patients, historians have shown an active interest in the charting out of evolution of clinical trials. Histories of clinical trials have been recorded and they have analysed the development of quantification in therapeutic evaluation, the emergence of probabilistic thinking, the application of statistical methods and theory and the sociology, ethics and politics of clinical trials as succinctly summarized by Chalmers (1) in 2001. The basic concept behind the modern day clinical trial is not a new one. In fact, the earliest recorded reference to something resembling a clinical trial can be found in none other than the Bible. The extract, which is found in the Book of Daniel, describes the efforts of the Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), to compare his recommended diet, consisting of meat and wine, with one of legumes and water over a 10 day period. At the end of the trial the king noted that those on the legumes and water diet were fitter than those who had been fed meat and wine and switched the latter to legumes as well. Inclusion of blinding and placebos to reduce observer biases comprise an important factor in planning an effective RCT. Records of these point out to as early as eighteen century when Dr.Benjamin Franklin was appointed by King of France in the Royal Commission to judge the authenticity of "Animal Magnetism" which alleged that sicknesses were caused by some apparent "obstacle" in the flow of body fluids and could be removed by the touch of a physicians finger or by pointing an iron rod. In a retort to the small percentage of success, Franklin replied, " the Spirits given by the Hope of Success them to exert more Strength in moving their Limbs " Clearly, Franklin was aware of what we now call 'the placebo effect' as described by Huth (2) in 2006 Further, Booth (3) in his book in 2005 documented the role of Physician John Haygarth in 1810-1820 attacked the widespread quack of Perkinism which involved "redirecting the natural body electricity" by using bi-material rods and was the first physician to carry out a single blind clinical trial using a placebo. May it be the instance of the challenge put forth by Flemish physician Jean Baptist Von Helmont of ensuring that like is compared with like in the case of people suffering from fevers, pleurisies without bloodletting in the 1700's or Amberson flipping a coin for unbiased allocation for assigning treatment in the Tuberculosis trial in 1938; medical practitioners have considered the ethical aspects of fair allocation and avoidance of undue advantage since a long time now. Unbiased comparison groups according to Chalmers (1) in those times would result either from "schedules (coin tosses, selection of different coloured beads from an urn, reference to

The Development Of Multisensory Integration In Humans Psychology Essay

The Development Of Multisensory Integration In Humans Psychology Essay Understanding how multisensory integration develops in children and how it assists them to understand the ambiguous information in the environment is now a question at the forefront of Science. This study set out to examine and compare three different age groups of children 4-5 years old attending Reception, 6-7 years old attending Year 2 and 8-9 years old attending Year 4 in a local Primary School, to see if they benefit from multisensory information (e.g. integration of sound and vision) to disambiguate ambiguous figures that has more than one representation provided in an experiment. The results revealed that children in Year 4, 8-9 years old, showed an advantage in reaction time in congruent trials (where sound is assisting the participants to see the ambiguous figures facing the direction of the target, incongruent trials (where ambiguous figures were presented with a simultaneous acoustic cue and the auditory cue is incongruent to the subsequent target presented), and finally n eutral trials (where sensory auditory cue was not related to ambiguous figures at all). The results of this study showed that childrens increasing age is having an important and positive impact in processing multisensory information by enabling and enhancing childrens ability to understand and to recognise ambiguous figures more effectively. Key words: Multisensory integration, Ambiguous figures, Visual attention. Introduction: The development of multisensory integration in human beings: Humans and animals are hardwired with a sophisticated and unique multisensory system which enhances their understanding of the environment that they live in (Stein et al., 1996; Gillmeister Eimer, 2007) and allows the integration of information between various senses. These different senses are touch, sound, vision, smell, taste and self motion. These extraordinary senses not only exclusively provide us information about our surroundings (e.g. assists us in hearing, seeing etc), but also complex understanding that cannot always be understood through just a single modality but requires multimodal integration. Multisensory or multimodal integration refers to the idea that multiple senses interact with each other to help provide us a coherent representation of various objects, events or situations to promote better understanding of our perceptual environment. We tend to recognise an object or an event better when it is represented through more than one modality (Gondal et al; 2005; Mol holm, Ritter, Murray, Javitt, Schroeder Foxe 2002). Scientists and Psychologists have been studying how multiple senses integrate to support us to make sense of complexity of our environment for centuries. In the early years these senses were studied independently (e.g. Berkeley 1709; Locke 1690). In 1980s scientists began to study the in depth processes involved within and how these senses interact together at the level of the single neuron. The recent research has been improved immensely which has contributed productively in order for us to understand the processes involved in multisensory integration (e.g. Campbell 1987; Stein Meredith 1994; Naumer Kaisar 2010). New and improved methods like functional imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation etc has enabled us to better grasp the under lying processes involved in multisensory integration in the human brain. Psychologists and Researchers are at a stage where newly developed methodologies are being applied to different questi ons in development of multisensory integration at a neural level (Wallace, Meredith Stein 1998). There have been empirical studies in the past showing how multisensory stimuli benefit adults, but there is a gap in research with regards to when and how it develops in children. To date there has not been any research, which has explored the role of multisensory information in recognizing ambiguous figures in children. As human adults our multisensory system integrates various signals from our senses to unify functional representations. Electrophysiological, behavioural and neuroimaging studies has made it evident that different senses through our nervous system that are related to a same situation or event and are congruent in time and space increase the possibility of accurate and effective encoding a lot more than individual senses. Ernst and Banks (2002) Alias and Burr (2004) have suggested that human adults integrate excessive information in a statistically optimal manner. A fundamental question that stands is whether the optimal multimodal integration is present in children at the time of birth or does it develop during their childhood and when do children start to use multimodal integration to understand their ambiguous environment? It is fundamental to learn if early multisensory development could benefit the developing brain. The human sensory system is immature at birth, but refines as it develops essentially. Paus (2005) pointed out that brain mapping between sensory and motor conformity is updated frequently and that it is a continuous process where neural reorganisation and cognitive changes occur up until early adolescence. (Neil et. al; 2006; Barutchu, Danaher et. al 2009) pointed out that if adults benefit from the multisensory inputs; naturally children are expected to have an advantage of multisensory inputs via their nervous system as well. Numerous behavioural studies reported that human infants can identify relationships between various multisensory inputs (Bahrick and Lickliter 2000, 2004; Bahrick et al. 2002; Lewkowicz 1988a, 1996; Neil et al. 2006). Research has shown that in very early development multisensory binding is formed (Kohl and Meltzoff 1982). During the phase of gestation between 6-7 months, touching its lips results in foetal Humphrey (1964). Streri Gentaz, (2004) suggested th at even though infants are able to transfer the multisensory information across the senses at birth the advantage of multisensory integration is not observed generally until after birth (Gogate and Bahrick, 1998, Hollich et al., 2005, Bahrick et al., 2002, Walker Andrews, 1997). At the age of 8 months an infant shows multisensory facilitation of reflexive head and eye movements during spatial localization and this theory is consistent with the co-activation models Lewkowicz Shimojo, (2006). Patterson and Werker (2003) performed a preferential looking paradigm study on 2 month old infants and observed that infants were able to match voices with faces showing that infants are integrating some multisensory information. Lewkowicz (1992) studied development of multisensory information in infants 4, 6, 8 and 10 months of age, he presented the participants audio visual stimulus, (e.g. a bouncing object on the monitor) the results revealed that infants were sensitive to the temporal associ ations amongst the visual and auditory stimuli. Processes that involve multisensory facilitation tend to develop with postnatal experiences in humans and other species (Jamie Lickliter, 2006; Lickliter et al., 2006, Wallace Stein, 1997, Wallace Stein, 2001). On the contrary studies using the McGurk effect has shown that speech perception is not influenced by our vision as much in infants or young primary school age children as in adults (Massaro, 1984, McGurk MacDonald, 1976). The leading question is when do children start combining multisensory information to understand their complex environment? Two classical theories shed light in this area, The developmental integration view, which states that in newborns the ability to perceive multisensory coherence develops gradually through childs exploration experiences of the world (Piaget 1952). The second theory is the Developmental differentiation view which states that at the time of birth some of the multisensory perceptual abilities are present in infants but the other more com plex abilities emerge later in life through perceptual learning Gibson (1969, 1984). Recent research has showed us evidence that neural and behavioural limitations and the relative experience play a central role in the typical development of multisensory processing (Walker 1997). Another complexity in humans is that different senses are developed at different rates. For example, senses like touch, vestibular chemical and auditory senses begin to function before birth and finally vision develops (Gottlieb 1971). The differential rates in developmental period could worsen the challenges for adjustment and cross modal integration for example eye length, intraocular distances, growing limbs etc in humans. In contrast, some perceptual skills do not develop early in life (e.g. auditory frequency discrimination), Olsho (1984); Olsho et al; (1988). Brown et al (1987) suggested that projective size and shape are not understood until children are about 7 years of age, and research has shown that contrast sensitivity and visual acuity carries on developing until the age of 5-6 years of age. (Rentschler, et al 2004) suggested that the understanding of object manipulation also carries on developing until the age of 8-14 years. (Morrongiello et al 1994) suggested that tact ile object recognition in sighted and blind children does not develop until the age 5-6 years. Various other complicated capacities that are dependent on experiences e.g. (Elliot 1979; Johnson 2000) facilitation of speech perception in noise is immature throughout their childhood. The developmental time frame when audio visual integration is developed in children is still unclear. Hearing and vision are two of the most important multisensory modalities that humans constitute. Audio visual integration plays a vital role in many tasks e.g. understanding of speech in noisy environments or orientation towards a novel stimulus. Development of auditory system begins before vision but is not certain when these two senses begin to integrate in humans. When presented with auditory and visual stimuli, it can be perceived as a same unitary event or as two separate unimodel events. Radeau Bertelson (1977). The binding and segregation of unimodal stimuli is dependent on low level structural factors (e.g. the temporal and spatial co-occurrence of the stimulus), as well as more cognitive factors (e.g. If the stimuli are semantically congruent or not and whether the person observing is assuming that the two stimuli should go together). Numerous recent studies have shown evid ence that auditory stimuli can be mislocalized towards visual stimuli when they are presented at the same time Welch Warren 1980, P. Bertelson Gelder (2004). It has been argued in the past that when two or more sensory inputs are presented and that they are highly consistent the observers tend to treat them as a single audio visual event (Welch Warren, 1980, Jackson, 1953) therefore it is more likely to assume that they share a common spatiotemporal origin and consequently there are more chances of them to bind them in to a single multisensory event. The binding of a specific pair of visual and auditory stimuli is dependent on various different factors. Spatiotemporal coincidence plays a vital role in different forms of audio visual integration (Slutsky Recanzone 2001, Zampini, Guest, and Shore Spence 2005) but research has also shown that there are exceptions Vroomen Keetels (2006). Neil et al, (2006) examined reflexive orienting in infants, 8-10 months old. The infants showed reaction time advantage for single visual auditory cues over combined cues. On the contrary, Barutchu et al, (2009) performed a study with young children by testing them in a manual button pressing task, and revealed that most children are unable to show the same multisensory advantages until the age of 7 years old. It was proposed that the differences showed in development of audio visual integration reveals the possibility of differential development of reflexive orienting, which depends on the superior colliculus and sensory decision making, is dependent on cortical integration of sensory evidence. Barutchu et al (2009) performed a similar study in order to examine the development of multisensory orienting and button pressing for the same audio visual stimuli where eye movements were recorded of children aged 4-13 years old, N = 19 in response to auditory beeps, visual flashes showed at 20Â ° eccentricity. It was observed from the results that the total mean AV saccadic latencies were significantly shorter than either Audio or Video and the results revealed a trend towards shorter Audio visual latencies than those hypothesised by statistical support or facilitation Miller (1982). Results of this experiment showed that children aged 4 years old when examined in a saccadic orienting task are capable of showing reaction time advantage consistent with cue integration and that this ability is dependent on the early development of sub cortical multisensory processing Wallace Stein (1997). Research on children in their later childhood around 6 years and older showed the influence of multisensory information on speech precepts, balance and size judgements Gori et. al (2008). In the brain multisensory integration occurs across various different levels which involves sub cortical areas like the superior colliculus, early cortical areas like the primary auditory and visual cortices and higher cortical areas like the superior temporal sulcus and intraparietal areas. For example freezing effect Vroomen de Gelder (2000) or pip and pop effect Van der Burg et al (2008) in which auditory temporal information is needed to form illusory visual onsets tend to occur in the primary visual areas while illusions for example Mc Gurk effect, McGurk Mac Donald (1976) takes place at a higher cortical areas due to the complexity of information. The areas involved in brain that facilitates audio visual integration in humans can be seen in figure no 1. C:UsersLocstaPictures1-s2_0-S0001691810000715-gr2.jpg Figure number 1: Showing brain areas involved in audiovisual attention Studying the sensory system and multimodal integration development matters to humans as it plays a very important role in cognitive processes. Numerous anecdotal reports from clinicians and parents have stated that significant percentage of sensory impairment, atypical ties are found in children and adults suffering from autism spectrum disorder (Cesaroni Graber, 1991; Grandin 1992; ONeill Jones 1997). In 1970s scientists dedicated a large amount of research in sensory processing whilst exploring the field of ASD, and researchers found evidence of impaired sensory modulation (Stroh Buick, 1964), this study provided initial evidence for anecdotal and clinical reports of problems in multisensory integration among individuals with ASD. Multisensory processes facilitate children in numerous cognitive processes that are important in learning. Fifer et. al (2011) tested the link between auditory noise in the background, multisensory integration and childrens general cognitive abilities in children. Eighty eight children participated in this study with the mean age of 9 years and 7 months. A simple audiovisual paradigm was used for detection. The results showed that children who have enhanced ability for multisensory integration in both quite and noisy conditions are more likely to score above average on the Full Scale IQ of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). 45%. Children with low verbal and non verbal ability showed reduced multisensory integration in either quite or noisy condition. About 20% showed better multisensory integration when there was background noise present. The findings of the experiment showed evidence that consistent multisensory integration in quiet and noisy conditions is some ways related to the development of general cognitive abilities. Ambiguous figure recognition: Ambiguous figures are figures that represent themselves in more than one way. In the past decades idea of ambiguous figure reversal has been meticulously studied by psychologists. The earliest designs of picture ambiguity may be as old as prehistoric cave art Melcher Wade, (2006). Another famous example of ambiguous figures is the Necker cube, the founder of Necker cube was a Swiss naturalist Necker (1832) and after that era other ambiguous figures were seen e.g. duck/ rabbit (Jastrow 1900) and the vase faces (Rubin 1958). Psychologists have been very interested in ambiguous figures as it provides insights to cognitive and sensory processing by means of visual processing. (Toppino 2004) performed a thorough review of ambiguous figures research, and stated that ambiguous figures opens a wide window in the fundamental mechanisms involved in the processing of the visual system which includes sensory, cognitive, motor and physiological processes. Perceptually ambiguity is the norm with regards to its special features. Particular features of an object for example distance or size cannot be seen only by our retinal input, our experiences drive our perception and information about our environment that we live in so in other words our knowledge of past experiences derived helps us in disambiguation of precepts. These experiences could be visual or involve other senses for example taste, smell, hearing, temperature or pain (Gregory, 1966). The history has showed two main theories of reversing representations of bi stable figures satiation theory and cognitive theory. Toppino et al (2005). Satiation theory states that reversing two different representations of ambiguous figure happens through a process analogous that leads to neuronal exhaustion due to tiredness when images of colours are perceived (Kohler, 1940; Long Toppino, 1981). When participants stared at a green patch and then shift their view to a white patch they eventually see red colour. What actually happens is that staring at a green colour patch fatigues the green neurons being fired in the brain and when the attention is shifted to white colour patch then the red neurons that are not fatigued dominate. Keeping this theory in mind when participants perceive a duck as an ambiguous figure, will weaken the neurons that represents the duck, and then representation of rabbit is perceived. Cognitive theory states that reversal of ambiguous figure can only happe n if the person observing the figure is aware consciously that the figure is ambiguous. (Girgus, Rock, Egatz, 1977; Rock Mitchener, 1992; Rock, Gopnik, Hall, 1994; Rock, Hall, Davis, 1994). Satiation theory and Cognitive theory map on to top down vs. bottom up processing debate. In a study performed by Girgus et al, (1977), high school students were shown ambiguous figures and they were made aware beforehand that the figures are reversible but they were not told the possible alternatives. Results showed that one half of the students made spontaneous reversal. In another study performed by Rock Mitchener, (1992), about one third of participants were able to reverse spontaneously. Cognitive development in children is a very complex developmental process and certainly is not as simple as it seems. Martin J. Doherty and Marina C. Wimmer looked at which cognitive processes and developments are important for children to experience reversal to understand ambiguous figures in children. 138, 3-5 year old children participated in these two studies to test the idea that a complicated understanding of ambiguity is needed to learn bistable stimuli (Gopnik et al 2001) Duck or rabbit? In the first experiment a novel Production task measured the ability to recognise ambiguity of the figures. The children found this task easier than the Droodle task and the level was similar to the False Belief task and was significantly correlated to the False Belief Task. The same findings were tested again in second study and the results showed that it was much more difficult to perceive the reversal of ambiguous figures than the Production or the False Belief task. The results revealed v ery interesting findings that children only try to reverse the figures when they understand the representational relationship amongst the figure and its ambiguity. The process that helps in reversal of figures is difficult, and most probably need developments in areas such as executive functioning and imagery abilities. Ambiguous figure reversal studies are also been found to be useful in showing indications of the presence of autistic traits in a big number of population. In a study performed by (Best, Owens, Moffat, Power and Johnstone 2008) showed evidence that the performance of adolescents in reversing ambiguous figures has showed in advance, the probability of participants to have characteristics of autism, poor mental abilities and superior visio- spatial attributes. (Best et al) has emphasized that there is clear evidence that ambiguous figures studies is a very important modality to be studied in understanding autism on the contrary there is also evidence that even though autistic children who are unable to reverse ambiguous figures appropriately later in life they develop the ability to reverse Ropar, et al (2003). Capps, Lisa, Gopnik Alison, Soble David (2005), performed a study on young children to examine ambiguous figure perception and theory of mind. They observed that about one third of 5-9 year old children were successfully spontaneously able to reverse the ambiguous figures where as autistic childrens did not perform well in reversing ambiguous figures as normal children. It is surprising though that ambiguous figure studies and multisensory integration being such an important modality in understanding cognition and visual processing etc there has not been extensive research done on childrens understanding and perceiving of ambiguous figures. Gopnik, Rock and Hall (1994) studied the perception of ambiguous figure task in children and suggested that figure reversal is much more complex than just low level perceptual process, they also found that even though children were informed of the ambiguity of the figures, 3 year old children still failed to reverse and only 50 percent of the 4 year old children were successfully able to reverse the main result is that young children aged under 5 are unable to reverse ambiguous figures Gopnik and Rosati (2001), Rock Gop nik and Hall (1994). Centuries of long term research with adult participants suggests that bottom up (lower level) processing in our brain and higher level cognitive processes (top down) processes play a fundamental role in assisting us to disambiguate ambiguous figures. Top down processing theory suggests that there is a voluntary control over the ability to reverse; knowing that we are dealing with ambiguous figures which have more than 1 interpretation to them is an important element and the willingness to reverse the ambiguous figure. On the contrary bottom up processes in our brain assists us in disambiguating ambiguous figures are related with neural weakness/ satiation as predicted by Gestalt Psychologists. Marina et al (2005) performed four studies with 63 children, 3, 4 and 5 year olds, results showed evidence that in young children the concept of more than 1 interpretation develops around the age of 4 but the perception of ambiguity develops around the age of 5. The role of visual attention in processing multisensory information in humans: Visual attention plays an important role in processing multisensory information which helps humans to select information across the visual field. It is considered that genes are somewhat or partly responsible for the development of our attentional networks in the brain but there are other important factors (e.g. particular experiences provided by caregivers and also the culture that we live in play a vital role). We attend to the visual information in our surroundings by simply looking at various locations. The centre portion of our eyes is called fovea, as fovea tend to have better vision it provides us a benefit when viewing different locations. There are two types of attention covert attention and overt attention. Simply looking at different locations e.g. finding your motorcycle in the parking lot or your friend in a restaurant this type of attention is called overt attention when its easier to observe their eye movement, another type of attention which enables us to attend to va rious locations without the movement of our eyes is called covert attention. According to John Colombo (2001) Rudimentary forms of various attention functions are present at birth, but each of the functions exhibits different and apparently dissociable periods of postnatal change during the first years of life. Susan E. Bryson (2010) suggested that humans ability to move attention in space effectively plays a vital role in our ever changing world. From very early in life, our ability to selectively orient or redirect attention allows us to connect with key others, to learn about and make sense of the world, and to regulate our emotional reactions. The functional anatomy reveals that orienting system is connected to areas of the parietal and frontal lobes in our brain. Posner (1980) suggested that orienting can be implied by showing a cue where you want the participants attention at a specific space which provides a platform for the participant to pay attention towards the cued position by moving or not moving their eyes. FMRI studies have showed evidence that superior parietal lobe is connected with orienting after the presentation of cue Corbetta et al (2000). The alerting mechanism tends to be associated with parietal and frontal regions of the brain. It has been seen that ongoing vigilance and performance tasks activates specific levels of alertness and these tasks has the ability to activate parietal and frontal areas of the right hemisphere in the brain Coull et al (1996); Marrocco et al (1994). Neuropsychological experiments have shown evidence in animals that an unexpected sound can enhance perceptual processing of suc ceeding visual stimuli. Recent studies Nadia et al (2002) have shown that perceptual processing enhancement also exists in humans. This phenomenon can be explained by means of cross modal interaction effects. Nadia et al (2002) showed in a study that auditory stimuli can enhance visual system in a detection task in humans as well. Michael Posner (1994) has performed very interesting research in order to study attention in humans and the three attention networks using the ANT (Attention network test) flanker task, which is an effective tool and allows us to test voluntary and involuntary attention. It helps us to study how brain pays attention to emotional events Fan et al. (2002), Posner and Peterson (1990). In this study subjects were asked to keep their eyes fixated at a point when flanking stimuli are presented on the right or left side of the fixated points. Posner stated that flanking stimuli can be detected easily even when their eyes are fixated on the cross hairs Posner (199 4). In conclusion Multisensory facilitation starts at a very early age and continues to develop throughout the childhood. Nardini et al (2006) suggested that children automatically combine auditory and visual information and this multimodal integration is matured around the age of 9-10 years. One possible domain is when children use auditory and visual information to disambiguate ambiguous figures in order to understand how multisensory integration assists young children to disambiguate ambiguous figures. Therefore this study employed an experimental design similar to Posner Michael (1994), flanker task. The role of multisensory integration in understanding ambiguous figures can be very useful for young children and atypically growing children suffering from (e.g. autistic spectrum disorder or dyslexia). Thus I proposed a study to examine what role does multisensory integration specifically audio and visual integration play in disambiguating ambiguous figures in young children. Hence it was decided to investigate the possibility that participants performance will be faster in congruent trials (where an ambiguous figure is shown with a simultaneous sound, and the auditory cue was congruent with reference to subsequent target). For example an ambiguous figure showing a duck and a rabbit, the sound accompanying it was quack representing, the duck which is facing towards the left side and the target (star) appears on the left side as well. Whereas for Incongruent trials (auditory cue is not congruent with reference to the subsequent target). Finally neutral trials where ambiguous figures are presented with non related simultaneous sound (e.g. sound of a motorcycle racing) presented with an ambiguous figure showing a duck and a rabbit and then a target appears on the left or right of the screen. Method: Participants: After seeking ethical approval from the Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck University of London and authorisation from all parents of young children, 45 young male and female healthy children from a local primary school were randomly employed to participate in this experiment. Three participants (1 female from reception class, 1 male from year 2 and 1 female from year 4) did not complete the study so their incomplete data were extracted from the study. Six children with learning disabilities also participated in this study but their data was discarded due to ethical purposes, as performing this experiment with disable children was not one of the aims of this study, I aimed to perform this study with healthy children, and so the results could be generalized to a healthy population of children. The experiment was performed on three different age groups of children. The first group consisted of 4-5 year old children who attended reception class, the second group had 6-7 year old children who attended grade 2 and third group 8-9 year old children who attended Year 4 in a local Primary School. The study was completed in three different early morning sessions. Stimuli: The stimuli (ambiguous figures) were displayed on the laptop screen using an e-prime programme developed by Dr Denis Mareschal. The ambiguous figures were black in colour the background was white as shown in figure no 2. The target was presented on either the right or left side of the screen. The participants were to respond to the target according to which side it appears on by pressing the corresponding right or left key on the mouse. On the Incongruent trials the target appeared in the opposite direction and congruent trials the flanking target appeared in the same direction and in neutral trials the ambiguous figure was shown with a non-related sound. Participants viewed the screen from about approximately 64 cm. The target used in this study flanker (star) can be seen in figure no 3. Figure number 2: Showing ambiguous figures used in this study representing more than one interpretation in one figures. Figure no 3: Showing the flanker (Star) presented on either right or left side of the ambiguous figure to alert the children in this experiment. Design: This non-routine experiment is based upon Michael Posner (1994) and Eriksen and Eriksen (1974) flanker task experiment. The computer based programme called E-prime Ambiguous Figures (a commercial experiment programme application) that runs on Windows XP presented on a 12 inch monitor to study the role of multisensory information in disambiguating ambiguous or bi stable figures in children. Trials are divided in to 6 blocks and each block consisted of 45 trials, 15 congruent, 15 Incongruent and 15 neutral trials. At the initial stage of the programme it asks for session number, gender of the participant and finally for his or her date of birth, upon completion of all this information press OK. Instructions appears on the screen Look for the star click the right mouse button if it is displayed on the right side of the screen and click the left button if it is displayed on the left side of the but

Geography of Cuba Essay -- Essays Papers

Geography of Cuba The geography of Cuba is very diverse, with large mountain ranges spanning the western and south central regions, and a beautiful 2,320 mile coastline that boasts white, sandy beaches to the north. The semitropical climate of Cuba supports lush, agricultural fields in which many species of plants and animals thrive. The main island of Cuba is about 40,543 sq. miles, and Cuba's Isla de la Juventud (Island of Youth) covers about 1,180 sq. miles. Also part of the Republic are four sets of small archipelagos: the Sabana, the Colorados, the Canarreos and the Jardines de la Reina. The main type of soil found in Cuba is red clay, along with some sand and limestone hills. A surprising three quarters of Cuba's land is fertile countryside and is readily accessible to many harbors. Cuba has a unique advantage over the other Carribean islands because of its accessibility to harbors, which allows for the transport of agricultural goods easily and efficiently to foreign markets. ...

Lizzie Andrew Borden’s Defense

The Lizzie Borden case has mystified and fascinated those interested in crime forover on hundred years. Very few cases in American history have attracted as much attention as the hatchet murders of Andrew J. Borden and his wife, Abby Borden. The bloodiness of the acts in an otherwise respectable late nineteenth century domestic setting is startling. Along with the gruesome nature of the crimes is the unexpected character of the accused, not a hatchet-wielding maniac, but a church-going, Sunday-school-teaching, respectable, spinster- aughter, charged with parricide, the murder of parents, a crime worthy of Classical Greek tragedy. This is a murder case in which the accused is found not guilty for the violent and bloody murders of two people. There were the unusual circumstances considering that it was an era of swift justice, of vast newspaper coverage, evidence that was almost entirely circumstantial, passionately divided public opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused, incompetent prosecution, and acquittal. Not much is described of Lizzie Andrew Borden's childhood. On March 1, 1851, Emma Lenora Borden was born to Andrew and Sarah Borden, and on July 19, 1860, Lizzie had arrived. While Lizzie was at the young age of two, Sarah died of uterine congestion. In 1865, Andrew Borden wed Abby Durfee-a short, shy, obese woman who had been a spinster until the age of 36. Abby's family were not as well off as the Bordens. Lizzie suffered from psychomotor epilepsy, a strange seizure of the temporal lobe that has one distinct symptom: a â€Å"black-out† in which the patients carry out their actions in a dream state, aware of every action without knowing what they are doing. Lizzie Borden seemed to have two entirely different personalities: the good daughter (a member of the Congressional Church, and a brilliant (conversationalist), and the bad daughter (deeply resentful of the patriarchy). These two personalities could be explained by the families' contradiction about their social statuses. She also had a habit of stealing from the local merchants. The Borden family of Fall River, Massachusetts, was well known-not only because of Andrew Borden's wealth, but also because of the New England name. Lizzie was the ninth-generation on her father's side to live in Fall River. Andrew held many positions throughout his life, which included president of Union Savings Bank, director of First National Bank, director of Durfee Safe Deposit & Trust Company, director of Globe Yarn Mill Company, director of Troy Cotton & Woolen Manufacturing Company, and director of Merchants Manufacturing Company. They led a modest life in the south part of town near factories and City Hall. Despite this crowded neighborhood and closeness to the police department, none of the neighbors saw anything helpful on the morning of the murders. What makes the Fall River murders so confusing is that the motive, the weapon, and the opportunity for such a crime are all absent. They found no money or jewelry missing, not even small amounts of change were taken in the daytime break-in at the Borden home a year earlier. The home had been locked up as usual, the maid Bridget Sullivan-an Irish immigrant, 26, that had been working at the household since 1889-was washing windows, and daughter Lizzie was inside the house reading a magazine. Even if both were involved for some reason in this shocking crime, what became of the blood so conspicuously missing from the bludgeoned corpses? Furthermore, the prosecution never proved the weapon was an axe. When Officer Mullaly asked if there were hatchets in the house, Lizzie replied with, â€Å"Yes, they are everywhere. † Bridget and Mullaly went down to the basement and found four hatchets: one rusty claw-headed hatchet, two that were dusty, and one that had dried blood and hair on it (later determined as cow's blood and hair. One of these was without a handle and covered in ashes. The break on the handle appeared to be recent so it was submitted as evidence. Yet microscopic examination of this blade revealed no traces of blood. Mrs. Borden was struck with a â€Å"heavy, sharp-edged candlestick,† yet no axe, hatchet, or even candlestick could be found to uphold these theories in court. The contrarieties of the case caused more than 1,900 divorces (according to a New York Times poll at the time) in which husbands and wives, argued over the innocence or guilt, decided that they were mutually incompatible. By nine thirty August 4, 1892, Abby Borden's head was nearly torn off her shoulders by a blunt instrument as she lay face down in the upstairs guestroom. Forensic experts at the time judge that she had seen her attacker when struck. When examined by Dr. Bowen-a friend, physician, and neighbor-he found her head crushed by 19 axe or hatchet wounds in the back of the scalp. Because of the lack of blood, it has been determined that Abby died from the first blow, and with death her heart had stopped pumping blood. The 200-pound victim lay sprawled out on the knees face down to be discovered two hours later. For 30 years Abby and Lizzie lived together under one roof, yet on the day of the murder Lizzie gave no indication that they ever got along. Deputy Marshal John Fleet testified that on the day Abby died he asked Lizzie â€Å"if she had any idea who could have killed her father and mother. † Lizzie responded with, â€Å"She's not my mother, Sir. She is my stepmother. My mother died when I was a child. † â€Å"I did not regard her as my mother, though she came there when I was young. I decline to say whether my relations between her and myself we those of mother and daughter or not. I called her Mrs. Borden and sometimes Mother. † Edmund Pearson's famous description of the scene where Andrew Borden-70, a tall white-haired grim man, known for his business abilities and wealth in Fall River-was found dead: â€Å"This was a small room, nearly square, with but two windows, both on the south side. The floor was covered with the usual garish, flowered carpet, customary in such houses at that time, and the wallpaper was of a similarly disturbing pattern. The furniture was mahogany or black walnut, upholstered with the invariable black horsehair. On the north side of the room, opposite the windows, was a large sofa, and on this lay the dead body of Mr. Borden with his head and face so hacked as to be unrecognizable even to his friend and physician, Dr. Bowen. Borden's head was slightly bent to the right, but his face was almost unrecognizable as human. † One eye had been cut in half and out of its socket, his nose had been severed, and there were eleven distinct cuts within a fairly small area extending from the eye and nose to the ears, four of them crushing the skull. The wounds were so severe that the first eleven must have killed him. When the police finally arrived after the murders, Lizzie acted more like a concerned citizen rather than a daughter in shock. Many suspects had been eliminated, but it was inevitable that Lizzie would become the prime one, especially that after they learned she had tried to purchase ten cents worth of prussic acid poison the week before from Eli Bence, a clerk at Smith's Drug Store. Adelaide Churchill, the neighbor who stayed with Lizzie until the doctor arrived, testified in court that she did not see any blood on Lizzie's dress when she left at noon. According to Mrs. Churchill, â€Å"I stood in front of her, rubbing both her hands and fanning her, and I did not see any blood on her face, nor any disarrangements of her hair. Such a spotless appearance seems impossible if Lizzie had committed the crime, for she had at best 20 minutes after her father fell asleep to strike him eleven times about the head, hide the murder weapon, and clean all evidence off her clothes and body. At 3:00 p. m. the bodies of Andrew and Abby were carried into the dining room, where Dr. Dolan performed the autopsies. Emma Lenora Borden returned just before seven from visiting friends in Fairhaven after hearing of the occurrence by telegraph. The police continued to investigate for weeks to come, but nothing of significance was found. The morning after the funeral, Miss Russell-a neighbor-witnessed Lizzie burning a dress in the kitchen stove, she claimed that it was stained with paint and was of no use. It was because of this testimony that Judge Blaisdell of the Second District Court charged Lizzie with three counts of murder (oddly, for the murder of her father, the murder of her stepmother, and the murder of the both of them) and if found guilty, faced death by hanging. The trial was set for June 5, 1893. This was the Victorian era, when women were â€Å"certainly not capable of killing anyone. † You must remember that Lizzie was of a wealthy family of high status. After only an hour, the 12 jury members declared Lizzie to be not guilty. It is said that it only took 15 minutes to decide, but out of respect for the prosecution, they waited another 45 to inform the court of their choice. Lizzie was legally free, but in the public's opinion, she was still guilty. After the acquittal, Lizzie legally changed her name to Lizabeth, moved out of the house on 92 Second Street. Emma and Lizzie inherited $200,000. 00 each from their father's death; their first purchase was a lovely home on The Hill at 7 French Street, the most fashionable place in Fall River, in which Lizzie named Maplecroft. Lizzie enjoyed the theatre, and met a stage/silent film actress by the name of Nance O'Neil. It was a party thrown for Nance and her acting members that caused Emma to move from Maplecroft in 1905, she simply could not abide by Lizzie's new rowdy friends. After Emma moved to Newmarket in New Hampshire, Lizzie and her had little or no communication and the two sisters never saw each other again. Lizzie died on June 1, 1927, at the age of 67. Emma did not attend the funeral, because on the day of Lizzie's death, she had fallen and suffered a broken hip. Emma died on June 21, 1927 at the age of 76. Both were buried in the Borden family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery. Andrew Jackson Borden lies between Sarah and Abby, while Lizzie and Emma are at his feet. Lizzie Andrew Borden is forever linked with one of history's greatest unsolved mysteries. And now thanks to Martha McGinn (president of TILBA, The International Lizzie Borden Association) for $150 per night, members of the public will be able to actually sleep in the house where the murders took place. The Lizzie Borden House Bed and Breakfast Museum was to open on, appropriately, August 4. The breakfast includes food eaten the morning of the murders, such as bananas, johnnycakes, sugar cookies, and coffee with the management dressed as and playing the part of the Bordens.